Treatment of phosphate-containing wastewater

ABSTRACT

A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater. The method includes the steps of: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a phosphate compound from the wastewater by maintaining super saturation conditions for the phosphate compound; and (c) polishing the wastewater. A silica removal step may be optionally performed after step (a) and before step (b).

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/346,002, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to treatment of phosphate-containing wastewater, such as phosphogypsum pond water, and the recovery of useful phosphate compounds, such as struvite, during treatment.

BACKGROUND

Phosphogypsum is a by-product of processing phosphate rock into phosphoric acid fertilizer. The production of 1 ton of phosphoric acid generates approximately 4 to 5 tonnes of phosphogypsum. Phosphogypsum is essentially a waste product. Phosphogypsum may have low level radioactivity which prevents its use in various applications.

Phosphogypsum is typically stored by being slurried and piled into large stacks, which can be up to hundreds of feet high, in open air storage sites. Water percolating through the stacks forms ponds. In 2005, there were 24 phosphogypsum stacks in Florida alone, containing 1.2 billion tonnes of phosphogypsum and 50 billion gallons of pond water (Perpich et al, 2005).

In active phosphoric acid fertilizer plants, such ponds are typically used as reservoirs for process water for use in a closed loop. The pond water is toxic and needs to be treated before it can be discharged. Furthermore, closed stacks continue to produce a contaminant-containing leachate requiring treatment.

Pond water associated with phosphogypsum stacks is strongly acidic and contains numerous contaminants including large amounts of phosphates. Data collected from a number of sources are summarized in Table 1. The column headed “Representative Value” contains results from a composite of 18 samples from 6 different plants representing the composition of saturated fresh pond water (Kennedy et al., 1991). The reported phosphorus concentration of 6,600 ppm as P is equivalent to 20,220 ppm PO₄ or 0.22 Mol/L. Pond water also contains significant amounts of ammonia (ammonia is often added to phosphoric acid in phosphoric acid plants to make di-ammonium phosphate) and magnesium.

TABLE 1 Typical composition of pond water Component Units Range Representative Value pH 1.3-3.0 1.55 Conductivity μS/cm 15,000-30,000 Ammonia (as N) ppm  500-2,000 592 Calcium ppm  500-3,000 1,155 Chloride ppm  10-300 Fluoride ppm   200-15,000 7,600 Iron ppm  5-300 216 Magnesium ppm 200-500 286 Phosphorus (as P) ppm   500-12,000 6,600 Potassium ppm 100-400 276 Silica (as Si) ppm  100-4,000 1,910 Sodium ppm 1,000-3,000 1,995 Sulfate (as S) ppm 1,000-4,000 1,695

Pond water treatment chemistry is relatively complex. Pond water may contain ten major components that can form numerous soluble species and precipitates when the pH is changed and cations are added. As indicated by the data under the column headed “Range” in Table 1, the composition of pond water can vary significantly.

A cost-effective and efficient process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater while recovering commercially useful phosphate compounds would be desirable.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with apparatus and methods which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed to other improvements.

In one aspect, a method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater, is provided. The method comprising: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a phosphate compound from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the phosphate compound; and (c) polishing the wastewater.

Step (a) may comprise precipitating the fluoride. Precipitating the fluoride may comprise raising the pH of the wastewater to about pH 3 to 4. Raising the pH of the wastewater may comprise adding a calcium-containing base with calcium in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the fluoride. The calcium-containing base may be lime. The fluoride may be precipitated as fluorite. Raising the pH of the wastewater further may comprise adding one or more calcium-free bases with cations in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the phosphate compound. The one or more calcium-free bases may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and anhydrous ammonia.

The phosphate compound may comprise struvite or a struvite analog such as iron ammonium phosphate.

Maintaining supersaturation conditions in step (b) may comprise one or more of: maintaining a supersaturation ratio of 2 to 5; maintaining a pH of at least about pH 5; controllably introducing magnesium and/or ammonium; and maintaining a concentration of phosphate higher than concentrations of magnesium and ammonia. The struvite may be recovered in the form of crystals and aggregates ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm.

Silica may be removed from the wastewater of step (a) if the wastewater from step (a) comprises a silica concentration of greater than 100 ppm. Removing silica may comprise hydrolyzing the silica by raising the pH. Raising the pH to hydrolize the silica may comprise adding a base comprising cations in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the phosphate compound. The base may be selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and anhydrous ammonia.

Polishing step (c) may comprise raising the pH to about pH 8 to 10. Step (c) may comprise removing ammonia using a process selected from the group consisting of breakpoint chlorination, stripping, biological nitrification and biological denitrification.

Polishing step (c) may comprise subjecting the wastewater from step (b) to a two-stage membrane treatment comprising: (i) a first membrane treatment to obtain a first concentrate comprising divalent ions and a first permeate comprising monovalent ions; and (ii) a second membrane treatment for the first permeate to obtain a second concentrate comprising monovalent ions and a second permeate comprising effluent. The first concentrate may be recirculated to step (a). The first membrane treatment may comprise nanofiltration. The second membrane treatment may comprise reverse osmosis. Prior to the two-stage membrane treatment, the pH may be lowered to about pH 3 to 5, and suspended solids may be removed by filtration. Ammonia may be removed from the second permeate by subjecting the second permeate to ion exchange. Ammonia-containing regeneration liquid of the ion exchange may be recirculated to step (b).

Prior to step (b) the wastewater may be subjected to a first membrane treatment to obtain a first concentrate comprising divalent ions and a first permeate comprising monovalent ions, wherein the first concentrate defines feed for step (b). Wastewater from step (b) may be recirculated to step (a). The first permeate may be subjected to a second membrane treatment to obtain a second concentrate comprising monovalent ions and a second permeate comprising effluent. The first membrane treatment may comprise nanofiltration. The second membrane treatment may comprise reverse osmosis. Prior to the two-stage membrane treatment, the pH may be lowered to about pH 3 to 5, and suspended solids may be removed by filtration. Ammonia may be removed from the second permeate by subjecting the second permeate to ion exchange. Ammonia-containing regeneration liquid of the ion exchange may be recirculated to step (b).

In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following detailed descriptions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate non-limiting embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a process for treating phosphate-containing wastewater according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION

Throughout the following description, specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the invention. However, the invention may be practiced without these particulars. In other instances, well-known elements have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative, rather than a restrictive, sense.

Some embodiments of the invention relate to methods for treating phosphate-containing wastewater while simultaneously recovering commercially useful phosphate compounds. Bases are used to neutralize the acidity of phosphate-containing wastewater. Cations from the bases are used to remove contaminants and recover phosphate compounds. Excess cations may be recirculated to maximize contaminant removal and recovery of phosphate compounds.

Some embodiments of the invention relate to treatment processes wherein the phosphate-containing wastewater is phosphogypsum pond water and the phosphate compound is recovered in the form of granular struvite. These embodiments coincide with an aspect of the invention having significant commercial utility. The scope of the invention, however, is not limited to these embodiments.

FIG. 1 illustrates in a general manner a wastewater treatment process 1 according to one embodiment of the invention. In process 1, phosphate-containing wastewater from a wastewater source undergoes a fluoride removal step 10, an optional silica removal step 20, a phosphate recovery step 30, and a polishing step 40. The wastewater may for example be phosphogypsum pond water. Phosphate recovery step 30 yields phosphate compounds in a commercially useful form. Polishing step 40 yields treated effluent ready for discharge.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the invention following process 1 but more specifically exemplifying treatment of phosphogypsum pond water and recovery of struvite.

Fluoride removal step 10 comprises raising the pH of the wastewater with one or more bases to a desired pH that promotes precipitation of contaminants such as fluoride and/or sulphates but not precipitation of phosphates. In some embodiments the pH may be raised to about pH 3.0-4.0. In some embodiments the degree to which the pH is raised may vary with the composition of the wastewater. Fluoride removal step 10 results in relatively dense precipitates that settle well. The precipitates may for example be settled and separated in a pond, a clarifier, a separation tank, or the like.

The base used in fluoride removal step 10 may be a calcium-containing base. The calcium-containing base may be added in an amount such that the calcium added to any pre-existing calcium in the wastewater results in a concentration of calcium ions sufficient to cause precipitation of compounds such as fluorite, calcium fluorosilicate, calcium sulphate, and the like while being insufficient to precipitate significant amounts of calcium phosphate. This may be achieved by adding sufficient calcium into the wastewater solution at a rate such that the product of the calcium ion concentration, the concentration of a fluorine-containing ionic species and the concentrations of any other components of a calcium salt exceeds the k_(sp) for the calcium salt without being so high as to cause significant precipitation of calcium phosphate. The total amount of calcium added in step 10 is desirably sufficient to cause precipitation of the bulk of the fluoride in the wastewater in step 10. For example, a stoichiometric amount of calcium may be introduced during step 10. As shown in FIG. 2, the calcium-containing base may comprise lime, including calcium oxides, carbonates and hydroxides. In other embodiments, the calcium-containing base may be a compound other than lime.

Alternatively or additionally, one or more calcium-free bases may be added to raise the pH sufficiently to precipitate the fluoride at fluoride removal step 10. In some embodiments, the calcium-free base may be selected on the basis of a phosphate compound that is desired to be recovered at phosphate recovery step 30. For example, if the phosphate compound to be recovered is or comprises struvite, as shown in FIG. 2, suitable calcium-free bases may include magnesium- and/or ammonium-containing bases such as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and anhydrous ammonia.

Bases containing magnesium and/or ammonia may be added to simultaneously raise pH of the wastewater and increase the concentration of magnesium and/or ammonia cations to facilitate struvite production in a subsequent step. For example, magnesium oxide may be used to add magnesium in a quantity sufficient to raise a concentration of magnesium ions to or toward a concentration desired to later precipitate struvite. Addition of a magnesium-containing base may also assist in removal of fluoride ions by promoting precipitation of fluoride as sellaite (MgF₂).

In some embodiments a mixture of two or more calcium-free bases may be used to raise the pH at fluoride removal step 10. Bases may be added in a sequence that accounts for pH-dependent differences in solubility of the bases. For example, the base with better dissolution at a lower pH may be added before the base with lower dissolution at the lower pH. For example, if magnesium oxide and ammonium hydroxide are used, then magnesium oxide may be added first (because its dissolution is better at lower pH), and then ammonium hydroxide added next to reach the desired pH for fluoride removal.

Following fluoride removal step 10, process 1 may include a silica removal step 20. Silica removal may be desirable in some embodiments to avoid silica gel formation, which may interfere with recovery of phosphate compounds (e.g. struvite crystallization) at phosphate recovery step 30. In some embodiments, silica may be removed by adding base to hydrolyze the silica and then allowing the silica to settle. Step 20 may conveniently be performed in a settling tank or the like. Settled silica may be removed. In some embodiments, silica may be hydrolyzed by adding a base to adjust the to pH to a pH optimal for subsequent phosphate recovery step 30. In some embodiments, the pH may be at least about 5 prior to phosphate recovery step 30.

One or more bases that contain cations (e.g. magnesium and/or ammonia) that will enhance phosphate precipitation at phosphate recovery step 30 may be used to raise the pH for silica removal step 20. As shown in FIG. 2, the pH may be raised to a pH of about 7.5 in silica removal step 20. In some embodiments a suitable flocculent may be added after silica hydrolysis to further promote aggregation and settling of the silica.

Silica removal step 20 is unnecessary in some embodiments. Since silica gel formation tends to occur only at higher silica concentrations (e.g. Si>100 ppm), embodiments of the invention for processing wastewater with low silica concentrations may not require the silica removal step. Even if the silica concentration is high enough for gel formation, the hydraulic retention time of the gel formation is typically on the order of hours. In contrast, the hydraulic retention time for phosphate precipitation at phosphate recovery step 30 may be shorter than this. For example, the hydraulic retention time for struvite formation is typically less than 1 hour, although with a high concentration feed the hydraulic retention time may be significantly longer in embodiments incorporating recirculation as described below. Silica gel formation and the need for silica removal prior to phosphate recovery step 30 may therefore be avoided even in some embodiments that process wastewater with higher silica concentrations. In some embodiments where silica is not removed prior to phosphate recovery step 30, silica is hydrolyzed during phosphorus recovery step 30 and eventually removed downstream.

Silica removal step 20 is followed by phosphate recovery step 30. As shown in FIG. 2, phosphate may in some embodiments be recovered in the form of struvite, struvite analogs, or other phosphate compounds, for example according to the methods and apparatus described by Koch et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,047, incorporated herein by reference. If the wastewater was not treated by silica removal step 20 (and therefore the pH not raised since fluoride removal step 10), then a suitable base may be added to the wastewater at an initial point of phosphate recovery step 30 to raise the pH to a desired level for precipitating the desired phosphate compound(s). As shown in FIG. 2, ammonium hydroxide (or other ammonium and/or magnesium containing base) may for example be used to raise the pH for phosphate recovery step 30 to raise the pH. The pH may be raised to between pH 7.0 to 8.0, for example to pH 7.5.

Supersaturation conditions for the phosphate compound are maintained to recover desired phosphate compounds during phosphate recovery step 30. Maintaining supersaturation conditions may for example include: maintaining a supersaturation ratio of 2 to 5 for struvite; maintaining a suitable pH, for example by controllably introducing a base and/or air stripping; maintaining phosphate concentration higher than concentrations of other components of the phosphate compound; and/or controllably introducing compounds comprising at least one of the other components of the desired phosphate compound.

Supersaturation conditions for struvite may be determined in relation to the struvite solubility product K_(sp) given by:

K_(sp)=[Mg²⁺]_(eq)[NH₄ ⁺]_(eq)[PO₄ ³⁻]_(eq)

where the activities of the different species (i.e. [Mg²⁺]_(eq), [NH₄ ⁺]_(eq), and [PO₄ ³⁻]_(eq)) are measured respectively as soluble magnesium, ammonia and orthophosphate at equilibrium. The supersaturation ratio (SSR) may be given by:

SSR=[Mg²⁺][NH₄ ⁺][PO₄ ³⁻]/K_(sp).

Increases in the SSR drive crystallization of struvite.

In the case of struvite recovery, the “other components” mentioned above are magnesium and ammonia. During struvite recovery in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, sodium hydroxide is added to control pH and magnesium chloride is added to control magnesium concentration. Struvite recovery may be “run lean” on magnesium and/or ammonia in some embodiments. Struvite may be recovered in the form of solid pellets ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm in some embodiments.

The methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,047 may be modified and/or selected to optimize phosphate recovery step 30 in various ways including one or more of the following.

-   i. The hydraulic retention time during struvite recovery may be     extended since phosphogypsum pond water tends to have a much higher     concentration of phosphorus compared to municipal wastewater and     pellet formation is rate limiting. This may be achieved, for     example, by increasing a recycling ratio (a proportion of wastewater     that is recycled to wastewater that exits phosphate recovery step     30). -   ii. Ammonia may be added in the form of ammonium hydroxide (or     alternatively as anhydrous ammonia or ammonium chloride plus caustic     for pH adjustment). -   iii. The flow rate of the phosphogypsum pond water feed may be     decreased relative to the flow rate of wastewater being recycled in     phosphate removal step 30 to achieve the desired supersaturation     ratio of 2-5. -   iv. Phosphate may be kept in excess so as to minimize the amounts of     magnesium and ammonium lost in the final effluent.

Following phosphate recovery step 30 the wastewater undergoes polishing step 40 before being discharged as treated effluent. In some embodiments, polishing step 40 may involve one or more chemical treatment steps.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, polishing step 40 includes raising the pH of the wastewater from the struvite production step to about pH 8-10. This may comprise adding a base such as lime. The elevated pH causes precipitation of remaining solutes including any phosphate, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, and trace heavy metals. Polishing step 40 may also include an ammonia removal step. As shown in FIG. 2, ammonia may be removed by lowering the pH to about pH 7.0 and subjecting the wastewater to breakpoint chlorination. Other suitable methods of removing ammonia include stripping, biological nitrification, biological denitrification, and the like. The ammonia removal step may not be needed if the struvite recovery step is run lean on ammonia. After polishing step 40, the treated effluent may be discharged.

FIG. 3 illustrates in a general manner a wastewater treatment process 100 according to another embodiment of the invention. Fluoride removal step 110, silica removal step 120, and phosphate recovery step 130 of process 100 may be similar to the corresponding steps of process 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention following process 100 but more specifically exemplifying treatment of phosphogypsum pond water and recovery of struvite. Following phosphate recovery step 130, wastewater in process 100 is polished by membranes 150, 160 at polishing step 140. As shown in FIG. 4, prior to membrane treatment the pH of the wastewater may be lowered to about pH 3.0-5.0 to avoid scaling of the membranes, as well as to reduce silica hydrolysis and the risk of membrane fouling. This can be particularly desirable in cases where a silica removal step is not performed upstream. Prior to membrane treatment the wastewater may be pre-filtered to remove suspended solids and to reduce the silt density index. Lowering pH and/or pre-filtration prior to membrane treatment are optional in some embodiments.

First stage membrane 150 may be configured to reject divalent ions (e.g. phosphate, sulphate, magnesium) and let monovalent ions flow through (e.g. sodium, chloride, fluoride, ammonia) to second stage membrane 160. The first stage membrane may for example comprise a reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) membrane. In some embodiments, the low pH concentrates (stream A) from first stage membrane 150 may be recirculated to fluoride removal step 110. As shown in FIG. 4, recirculation of stream A diverts divalent ions from discharge and instead results in: further precipitation of waste components at the fluoride removal step (e.g. removal of sulphate as calcium sulphate at the fluoride removal step); and further recovery of desired components (e.g. phosphate and the magnesium as struvite) at the phosphate recovery step.

Second stage membrane 160 may be configured to reject monovalent ions (e.g. sodium, chloride, fluoride). As shown in FIG. 4, the second stage membrane may comprise a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The pH of the permeate from the first stage membrane may be adjusted up to pH 7.5-8.0 before the second stage membrane to promote rejection of fluoride and obtain permeate that can be discharged directly. In some embodiments, the second stage membrane concentrates (stream B) containing mostly monovalent ions (sodium, chloride, fluoride) may be delivered back to the wastewater source (e.g. phosphogypsum stack) or to the fluoride removal step.

An ion exchange (IX) resin bed 170 may be provided to remove ammonia from the second stage membrane permeate before discharge as treated effluent. Ion exchange regeneration liquid containing the ammonia (stream C) may be recirculated to phosphate recovery step 130 to provide pH adjustment and ammonia for recovery of phosphate compounds.

FIG. 5 illustrates in a general manner a wastewater treatment process 200 according to another embodiment of the invention. Fluoride removal step 210, silica removal step 220, and phosphate recovery step 230 of process 200 are similar to the corresponding steps of process 1, and first stage membrane 250, second stage membrane 260, and ion exchange resin bed 270 are similar to the corresponding features of process 100. FIG. 6 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention following process 200 but more specifically exemplifying treatment of phosphogypsum pond water and recovery of struvite.

Following silica removal step 220, wastewater is directed to first stage membrane 250. In a manner similar to process 100, the wastewater may be acidified and prefiltered prior to first stage membrane 250. Concentrate from the first stage membrane is fed to phosphate recovery step 230. This concentrate may contain most of the phosphate at about twice the concentration compared to the feed for the phosphate recovery steps in process 1 and 100. Concentrated phosphate may improve the conditions for the recovery of phosphate compounds in some cases. The other elements of the processes illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, including the three recirculation streams A, B and C, are similar to those described above in relation to process 100, with the exception that in process 200 stream A is generated at the phosphate recovery step instead of as concentrate of the first stage membrane in process 100.

Recirculation of concentrate streams A, containing for example excess magnesium, and concentrate stream C, containing for example excess ammonia, to upstream steps may result in up to complete recovery of these components into recovered phosphate compounds, for example as struvite.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. For example:

-   i. The methods for ammonia removal described for the ammonia removal     step of process 1 and the ion exchange method for ammonia removal in     processes 100 and 200 are interchangeable. -   ii. Process 1 may be modified to provide recirculation. For example     ammonia recovered at the ammonia removal step may be recirculated to     phosphate recovery step 30. -   iii. The two-stage membrane treatment may be substituted with a     single membrane (e.g. reverse osmosis only) or more than two     membranes (e.g. the two-stage membrane treatment preceded by     microfiltration and/or ultrafiltration membranes). -   iv. Individual features of the various embodiments disclosed herein     may be combined with one another to create further example     embodiments. For example, polishing stage 40 of FIG. 1 may be     expanded to comprise membrane treatment, as shown in FIG. 3 or FIG.     4 or other mechanical polishing processes. -   v. Some embodiments may produce struvite analogs such as iron     ammonium phosphate, wherein corresponding Fe compounds are     substituted for Mg compounds during processing.

The following example provides results of laboratory scale testing of some embodiments of the invention.

Example 1

Raw pond water samples were tested in three stages: 1) F removal with Ca, 2) pH increase, and 3) struvite precipitation.

In Stage 1, CaCO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ were added to 2 L and 3 L samples of pond water, mixed for 60 minutes, settled for 30 minutes, then filtered and supernatants analyzed to evaluate the effect of adding the bases on both pH and the concentrations of F and PO₄. Ca(OH)₂ was added in both solid and slurried form (results shown for slurried form only). Ca:F molar ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 for both reagents were tested, respectively representing the stoichiometric amount and a 20% excess amount.

Both CaCO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ reagents raised the pH to between about 2.5-3.5 after 1 hour of mixing. CaCO₃ may be preferred in some embodiments. Test results showed that with CaCO₃ the F removal at 0.6 Ca:F molar ratio was lower than with Ca(OH)₂ at 0.6 Ca:F molar ratio but so were the PO₄ and NH₃ losses. For the remaining stages, CaCO₃ at 0.6 Ca:F molar ratio was used.

24 hours after completion of the test, more solids had precipitated in the filtered supernatant, and the SO₄ concentration had decreased along with the Ca concentration, indicating gypsum formation.

TABLE 2 Stage 1 results F PO4-P NH3-N SO4-S Ca ID mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L pH Pond water 8800 9088.5 1215 9375 1222 1.17 J1 0.5 CaCO₃ 7390 8262 1020 2918 4701 3.04 J2 0.6 CaCO₃ 5197 7624 1085 3192 2091 3.23 J3 0.5 Ca(OH)₂ 5686 7888 1024 3877 2831 3.49 J4 0.6 Ca(OH)₂ 4409 7517 1022 7096 2616 2.66 J1 % removal 16.0%  9.1% 16.0% 68.9% J2 % removal 40.9% 16.1% 10.7% 66.0% J3 % removal 35.4% 13.2% 15.7% 58.6% J4 % removal 49.9% 17.3% 15.9% 24.3%

In Stage 2, Mg(OH)₂ was added (in slurried 40 wt % form) to the 500 mL and 1250 mL samples of Stage 1 supernatant in Mg:P molar ratios of 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, to raise the pH of the solution nearer the pH required for struvite precipitation and also to put Mg ions in solution. Also, MgCl₂ was added in 1.0 Mg:P ratio to compare the effects of adding a non-basic Mg source at this stage.

The Mg compounds were added immediately after the completion of a repeated Stage 1 test, to prevent Ca loss through gypsum precipitation. The solutions were mixed for 60 minutes and settled for 15 minutes.

The Mg(OH)₂ raised the pH to 4.5-5.5, and caused nearly complete removal (>90%) of both Ca and F. A substantial amount of PO₄ was also removed, but the quantity remaining was still high and sufficient for struvite production downstream. A substantial amount of the added Mg was also removed in this stage. The MgCl₂ did not raise the pH but slightly lowered it, and had very little effect on either F removal or P loss. Increasing the Mg:P molar ratio from 0.8 to 1.0 increased F removal by only 2.8% but increased PO₄ losses by 11.5%. 0.8 Mg:P was selected for use in Stage 3.

TABLE 3 Stage 2 results F PO4-P NH3-N SO4-S Ca Mg ID mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L pH Pond 8800 9089 1215 9375 1222 551 1.17 water A 0.6 6020 7904 1152 7656 5993 502 3.06 CaCO₃ J1 0.8 483 5421 1135 7656 536 2208 4.47 Mg(OH)2 J2 0.9 370 4993 1123 7656 366 2234 4.86 Mg(OH)2 J3 1.0 312 4513 1068 7656 230 2242 5.27 Mg(OH)2 J4 1.0 5430 7583 417 8975 5995 6204.7 2.79 MgCl₂ A % 31.6% 13.0%  5.2% 18.3% 8.9% removal J1 % 92.0% 31.4%  1.5%   0% 91.0% removal J2 % 93.9% 36.8%  2.5%   0% 93.9% removal J3 % 94.8% 42.9%  7.3%   0% 96.2% removal J4 %  3.2%  4.7%  6.1%   0%   0% removal J1 overall 94.5% 40.4%  6.6% 18.3% removal J2 overall 95.8% 45.1%  7.6% 18.3% removal J3 overall 96.5% 50.3% 12.1% 18.3% removal J4 overall 38.3% 16.6% 65.7%  4.3% removal

In Stage 3, NH₄OH was added to 500 mL samples of Stage 2 supernatant in N:P molar ratios of 0.8 and 1.0, then NaOH was used to raise the pH above 7.0. As the Mg:P ratio was approximately 0.5:1 due to the Mg loss in Stage 2, a P recovery of near 50% would be expected if the P were primarily forming struvite. The Mg was 99% removed, showing that the reaction proceeded as far as it could given the Mg limits, and the P removal was near 58%. Struvite precipitation in wastewater is Mg limited as well, and MgCl₂ or other sources of soluble Mg can be added.

TABLE 4 Stage 3 results: F PO4-P NH3-N SO4-S Ca Mg Final ID mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L pH pH Pond water 8800 9088.5 1215  9375 1222 551.1 1.17 J1 0.6 CaCO₃ 5608 7957  444* 6099 5450 496.94 3.13 J2 0.8 Mg(OH)₂ 477 5194 412 8756 554.9 2080.6 4.62 J3-1 0.8 NH₄OH 277 2190 558 8948 67.6 13.158 5.52 7.40 J3-2 1.0 NH₄OH 267 2150 788 6729 65.7 13.0 5.84 7.36 J1 % removal 36.3% 12.4% 63.5% 34.9%  9.8% J2 % removal 91.5% 34.7%  7.2%   0% 89.8% J3-1 % removal 41.9% 57.8%   0% 87.8% 99.4% J3-2 % removal 44.0% 58.6% 23.1% 88.2% 99.4% J3-1 overall removal 96.9% 75.9% J3-2 overall removal 97.0% 76.3% * This number (and the ones below it) are anomalous, and should be similar to the numbers obtained at the end of the Stage 2 test wherein ammonia levels were about 1100 mg/L.

Example 2

An overall pH test was also conducted. 250 mL of the pond water sample was placed in a beaker. The blade of an overhead mixer was placed in the sample and rotated at 70 rpm. 6.95 g CaCO₃ was added to obtain a 0.6 Ca:F ratio. The pH was monitored every 15 minutes. The pH was recorded at 60 minutes.

3.95 g Mg(OH)₂ slurried in 5.4 g water was added to obtain a 1:1 Mg:P ratio, based on previous jar test results from Example 1. The pH was monitored every 15 minutes. The pH was recorded at 60 minutes.

2.16 g dry basis/7.17 g 30 wt % NH₄OH was slowly added to obtain a 1:1 NH₄OH:P ratio based on P after the CaCO₃ precipitation.

TABLE 5 pH test results ppt with CaCo3 ppt with Mg(OH)2 ppt with NH4OH Time Time Time Cum. NH4OH (min.) pH (min.) pH (min.) pH dry basis added  0 1.8  0 3.09  0 5.17 0.54 15 3.2 15 4.31  10 5.85 1.08 30 3.2 30 4.77  20 7.61 45 3.2 45 5.03  60 7.3  2.16 60 3.1 60 5.17 120 9.49

REFERENCES

-   Kennedy, G. A., Soroczak, M. M. and Clayton, J. D., “Chemistry of     Gypsum Pond Systems”, Florida Institute of Phosphate Research (FIPR)     Project #85-05-025R, 1991. -   Perpich, B, Jr., Soule, C., Zamani, S. Timchak, L., Uebelhoer, G.,     Nagghappan, L. and Helwick, R., “Mobile Wastewater Treatment Helps     Remediate Concentrated Acidic Process Water at Fertilizer Plant”,     Florida Water Resources Journal, July 2005. 

1. A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater, the method comprising: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering struvite from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the struvite; and (c) polishing the wastewater.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein step (a) comprises precipitating the fluoride.
 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein precipitating the fluoride comprises raising the pH of the wastewater to about pH 3 to
 4. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein raising the pH of the wastewater comprises adding a calcium-containing base with calcium in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the fluoride.
 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the calcium-containing base is lime.
 6. A method according to claim 3 wherein the fluoride is precipitated as fluorite.
 7. A method according to claim 4 wherein raising the pH of the wastewater further comprises adding one or more calcium-free bases with cations in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the struvite.
 8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the one or more calcium-free bases are selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and anhydrous ammonia.
 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein maintaining supersaturation conditions in step (b) comprises maintaining a supersaturation ratio of 2 to
 5. 10. A method according to claim 1 wherein maintaining supersaturation conditions in step (b) comprises maintaining a pH of at least pH
 5. 11. A method according to claim 1 wherein maintaining supersaturation conditions in step (b) comprises controllably introducing magnesium and/or ammonium.
 12. A method according to claim 1 wherein maintaining supersaturation conditions in step (b) comprises maintaining a concentration of phosphate higher than concentrations of magnesium and ammonia.
 13. A method according to claim 1 wherein the struvite is recovered in the form of crystals and/or aggregates ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm.
 14. A method according to claim 1 comprising removing silica from the wastewater of step (a) if the wastewater from step (a) comprises a silica concentration of greater than 100 ppm.
 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein removing silica comprises hydrolyzing the silica by raising the pH.
 16. A method according to claim 15 wherein raising the pH to hydrolize the silica comprises adding a base comprising cations in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the phosphate compound.
 17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and anhydrous ammonia.
 18. A method according to claim 1 wherein step (c) comprises raising the pH to about pH 8 to
 10. 19. A method according to claim 20 wherein step (c) comprises removing ammonia using a process selected from the group consisting of breakpoint chlorination, stripping, biological nitrification and biological denitrification.
 20. A method according to claim 1 wherein step (c) comprises subjecting the wastewater from step (b) to a two-stage membrane treatment comprising: (i) a first membrane treatment to obtain a first concentrate comprising divalent ions and a first permeate comprising monovalent ions; and (ii) a second membrane treatment for the first permeate to obtain a second concentrate comprising monovalent ions and a second permeate comprising effluent.
 21. A method according to claim 20 wherein first concentrate is recirculated to step (a).
 22. A method according to claim 20 wherein the first membrane treatment comprises nanofiltration.
 23. A method according to claim 20 wherein the second membrane treatment comprises reverse osmosis.
 24. A method according to claim 20 comprising lowering the pH to about pH 3 to 5 prior to the two-stage membrane treatment.
 25. A method according to claim 20 comprising removing suspended solids by filtration prior to the two-stage membrane treatment.
 26. A method according to claim 20 comprising removing ammonia from the second permeate.
 27. A method according to claim 26 wherein removing ammonia comprises subjecting the second permeate to ion exchange.
 28. A method according to claim 27 wherein ammonia-containing regeneration liquid of the ion exchange is recirculated to step (b).
 29. A method according to claim 1, wherein prior to step (b) the wastewater is subjected to a first membrane treatment to obtain a first concentrate comprising divalent ions and a first permeate comprising monovalent ions, wherein the first concentrate defines feed for step (b).
 30. A method according to claim 29 wherein wastewater from step (b) is recirculated to step (a).
 31. A method according to claim 29 wherein the first permeate is subjected to a second membrane treatment to obtain a second concentrate comprising monovalent ions and a second permeate comprising effluent.
 32. A method according to claim 29 wherein the first membrane treatment comprises nanofiltration.
 33. A method according to claim 29 wherein the second membrane treatment comprises reverse osmosis.
 34. A method according to claim 29 comprising lowering the pH to about pH 3 to 5 prior to the first membrane treatment.
 35. A method according to claim 29 comprising removing suspended solids by filtration prior to the first membrane treatment.
 36. A method according to claim 29 comprising removing ammonia from the second permeate.
 37. A method according to claim 36 wherein removing ammonia comprises subjecting the second permeate to ion exchange.
 38. A method according to claim 37 wherein ammonia-containing regeneration liquid of the ion exchange is recirculated to step (b).
 39. A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater, the method comprising: (a) removing fluoride from the wastewater; (b) recovering a struvite analog from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the struvite analog; and (c) polishing the wastewater.
 40. A method according to claim 39 wherein the struvite analog comprises iron ammonium phosphate.
 41. A method for treating, and recovering phosphate compounds from, phosphate-containing wastewater, the method comprising: (a) precipitating fluoride from the wastewater by raising the pH of the wastewater to about pH 3 to 4 by adding lime in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the fluoride; (b) hydrolyzing silica from the wastewater by raising the pH of the wastewater if the wastewater from step (a) comprises a silica concentration of greater than 100 ppm; (c) recovering struvite from the wastewater by maintaining supersaturation conditions for the struvite, wherein the struvite is recovered in the form of crystals and/or aggregates ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm; and (d) polishing the wastewater.
 42. A method according to claim 41, wherein raising the pH of the wastewater in step (a) further comprises adding a soluble magnesium base in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the struvite.
 43. A method according to claim 41, wherein hydrolyzing the silica in step (b) comprises adding a soluble magnesium base in a quantity to meet stoichiometric requirements for precipitating the struvite. 